January 30, 2024

MARKET SIZE

The “market size” is made up of the total number of potential buyers of a product or service within a given market, and the total revenue that these sales may generate. What is market size? Market size is the total number of potential clients or buyers in a particular market segment. It’s helpful for an organization or small business to determine its market size before launching a new service or product to ensure it reaches its expected audience. In various careers, such as marketing, sales and business consulting, such analysis is a critical part of business planning, as many investors conduct market sizing analysis before venturing into a new business. Knowing you’ve done your research also helps these professionals understand your goals and proposals. Market sizing is the act of approximating how many people use a certain service or product, an estimation that evaluates the potential reach of your brand. When market sizing, try to identify these three quantifiable standards: Units: The total quantity of products and clients in the market Value: The total value of products or clients in the market Market share: The percentage of products sold and clients gained by a specific organization Market size vs. Market value Market size describes the number of customers a business might attract over a specific period and the amount of money it can expect to generate from this hypothetical customer base. For example, a grocery wholesaler that sells to small- and medium-sized businesses in a particular city could calculate its market size by considering the number of small- and medium-sized grocery stores within the city limits. If there are 12 such stores in the city, that would factor into the wholesaler’s market size. Market value, or market capitalization, describes how much an organization, business or asset is worth in the financial market. You can calculate the market value of a business by multiplying the number of its outstanding shares by the market’s current price. Both market size and market value are important measures to know and use in your business. The former suggests your organization’s potential reach, while the latter points to how much money you can generate from your business. Add Your Heading Text Here Market Sizing Methods 1.Top-down- In the top-down method, you first determine the size of the entire market, figure out how much of that market you control and then compute the amount your business may earn from that share of the market. Factors such as your location and size, the population of your segment and the age and income of your target audience play a role in top-down market sizing. For example, if you estimate your business to control 10% of a market containing 500,000 consumers, the top-down analysis would calculate a market size of 50,000 potential customers. .2.Bottom-up- The bottom-up method is sizing that you determine by considering the major variables of your business, such as where you sell your products, the number of potential customers and the historical numbers of competitors’ products sold. For example, if you manufacture motorcycles, you might look into the number of motorcycle dealerships in the country, how many of them would be interested in carrying your brand and how many motorcycles each dealership has sold on average per period, among other factors.  trends. However, you’ll get a more realistic and accurate assessment of your market’s potential. How to calculate market size 1. Define your target consumers- Your target consumers are those most likely to buy your products or services. Often, your target consumers share a common trait, such as: Age range Gender Location Education Income bracket You can determine your target consumers by examining who’s currently purchasing your offerings and analyzing their characteristics. For example, a store that specializes in basketball apparel might have customers in all age ranges but find that it’s mostly 20- to 30-year-old basketball fans buying its products. That would be the manufacturer’s target consumer. 2. Quantify your target customers- Once you’ve defined who your target customers are, you can consult statistical resources to determine how many you might reach. Public databases can reveal the number of people in your defined range who fit your target criteria. You can also conduct market research to estimate the percentage of the total target audience that would be interested in your brand. For example, the owners of the earlier mentioned basketball apparel store might mail questionnaires to those aged 20 to 30 years to rate their level of interest in basketball and basketball apparel. 3. Determine available market and demand- Your research might reveal the approximate number of consumers who are interested in buying your product or service, but the number of people who actually can or plan to follow through with a purchase may be much lower. This smaller subset of the target customer base is the available market. For example, a sneaker manufacturer might identify 100,000 people interested in its product, but research on income and accessibility shows that only half of them have the means to follow through with a purchase. In that case, the available market is 50,000 potential customers. Knowing your available market, you can then multiply that figure by the total number of sales you can expect from each customer over a specific period. This is your demand. The same sneaker manufacturer might expect only one purchase for every potential customer, whereas an olive oil producer with the same number of potential customers might expect 12 purchases per year. With the former, its demand would be 50,000 units per year. For the latter, it would be 600,000 units per year. 4. Multiply demand by market value- Finally, to determine your market size, you can multiply the demand you’ve calculated by the value of each unit you sell. For the sneaker manufacturer, the price of one pair of its sneakers might be $250. To calculate its market size, multiply its demand of 50,000 by the unit price of $250. The result is a market size of $12,500,000. FAQs Why is understanding market size important?

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Inter Corporate Loans and Investments

A company can give loans and guarantees, acquire securities or make investments in another company or body corporate with the consent of the board or shareholders. Such loans given by a company to other companies or body corporates are known as inter-corporate loans. When a company invests in another company, it is known as inter-corporate investment.   Section 186 of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘Act’) regulates inter-corporate loans and investments. A company can give loans and guarantees, acquire securities or make investments only according to the provisions laid down in Section 186 of the Act. With the approval of the board of directors or shareholders, a corporation can provide loans and guarantees, purchase securities, or invest in another company or body corporate. Inter-corporate loans are loans made by one company to another company or body corporate. Inter-corporate investment occurs when one firm invests in another.A corporation may lend, invest, guarantee, and sell securities to another company or body corporate with the approval of the board or the shareholders. Meaning of Inter Corporate Loans and Investments The maximum inter-corporate loan and the investment amount is limited and capped for each company. If a company’s paid-up share capital, free reserves, and security premium account total more than 60% of that amount or 100% of that amount, the firm should not guarantee loans, buy securities from other bodies corporate, or offer loans to them. Inter-corporate loans and investments may be processed by board resolution with the approval of all directors present at the board meeting if the total amount of such loans, investments, guarantees, and securities in connection with loans already made and proposed to be made together does not exceed the established limit. If the same exceeds the designated limit, a previous special resolution must be enacted and the financial institution’s prior consent must be sought, the latter if there is an active term loan. Inter-Corporate Loans and Investments Under Companies Act, 2013 Section 186(2) of the Act states how a company can give loans and guarantees to other companies and body corporates. It states a company can directly or indirectly: Give loan to any other body corporate. Provide security or give a guarantee in connection with a loan given to any other body corporate.  Acquire securities of other body corporates by way of purchase, subscription or otherwise. However, a company can give loans, guarantee and acquire securities of up to 60% of its paid-up share capital, securities premium account and free reserves or 100% its securities premium account and free reserves, whichever is more. Section 186(1) of the Act provides that a company can make investments only through more than two layers of investment companies, except for the following: For acquiring any other company incorporated outside India when such other company has investment subsidiaries beyond two layers according to the laws of such country.  Subsidiary company from obtaining any investment subsidiary for meeting the requirements under law or under a regulation or rule framed under the law for the time being in force. Exceptions to Inter-Corporate Loans The provisions of inter-corporate loans provided under the Act will not apply to the following: A banking company, housing finance company or an insurance company in its normal business operations. A company established to provide infrastructure facilities or finance industrial enterprises. A registered Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC) concentrates primarily on acquiring securities. Restrictions on Inter-Corporate Loans A company that has fallen behind on interest payments is not permitted to offer any inter-corporate loans, guarantees, or security. This ban will be in place until the company has fully resolved the default. Additionally, with a few exceptions, a company is not allowed to invest through two layers of investment companies. Loans shouldn’t be granted at an interest rate that is less than the current yield of the ten-year, one-year, three-year, five-year, or three-year government security that is closest to the loan’s term. This rule does not apply when a loan is given for industrial research and development projects when the government owns 26% or more of the paid-up capital. Rate of Interest on Inter-Corporate Loans A company cannot give an inter-corporate loan at a rate of interest lower than the prevailing yield of one, three, five or ten years of government security closest to the loan term.  Disclosure to be Made for Issuance of Inter-Corporate Loan The company should disclose the following to its members in the financial statement:  Full particulars of the loans granted.  Full particulars of the investments made.  Full particulars of the guarantee or security provided. Purpose for which the loan, guarantee or security is proposed to be utilised by the recipient of the loan, guarantee or security. Non- Application of Section 186: Inter-Corporate Loans and Investments under Companies Act, 2013 Lending money and investing money are two things that some companies do. In light of this, Section 186 will not apply to any loans or guarantees provided by: During the course of their regular business activities, a bank, an insurance company, or a mortgage lender. A company established with the goal of supplying infrastructure or funding an industrial company. A licensed Non-Banking Finance Company that prioritizes the purchase of equities. An organization that buys share rights. A company whose main activity is the purchase of shares. Government-owned businesses that produce weapons. Unlisted Businesses that the State or Federal Government’s Ministry or Department has granted legal authorization to operate. The procedure under Section 186: Inter-Corporate Loans and Investments under the Companies Act, 2013 Step 1: Through a Board decision, a company may issue any loan, give any guarantee or security, and purchase securities of a body corporate up to 60% of its paid-up capital, security premium account, and free reserves, or 100% of its free reserves and security premium, whichever is greater. Step 2: After giving notice and taking into consideration the aforementioned criteria and requirements of the company, the Board of Directors will meet to examine proposals for approving a loan, guarantee, security, etc. Step 3: Unless the resolution sanctioning is passed at a Board meeting with the assent

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Bank of India Current Account

Bank of India (BOI) is ranked among the leading public sector banking companies in India which provides personalised financial and banking solutions. A current account is a type of demand deposit account which includes deposits, withdrawals of funds, and business transactions. A current account is meant for business professionals or business enterprise and those who deal with huge transactions on a regular basis. A current account allows business people to carry out unlimited transactions without any limit.  Bank of India (BOI) was established in the early 1900s by a group of businessmen in Mumbai. Over a century later, the bank now has over 5,000 branches all over the country. Since its establishment, the bank has increased the number of products and services that it offers its clients. The current account is one of the many financial products that BOI offers its customers. A current account is a type of bank account that does not earn any interest for the deposits made to the account. Instead, it offers account holders high limits on withdrawals and deposits. These accounts are usually held by individuals who run businesses and require high liquidity. BOI has several variants of the current account. Each of these has been developed keeping in mind the specific needs of the customer.  Features and Benefits – BOI Current Account Current bank accounts are specifically designed to be used by a business. Current accounts do not provide any interest on the balance lying in the account with the bank. It requires a higher minimum balance as compared to the savings account. A penalty will be charged if the minimum balance is not maintained in the account. The account can be transferred to any other branch, and the monthly statements can be obtained. It offers unlimited deposits/ withdrawals in the home branch. A current account with Bank of India offers a premium internet banking facility mainly to manage the accounts and transactions and secure bill payment. Overdraft facilities, Internet banking and Mobile banking facilities are also available for current account holders. It offers unlimited deposits/ withdrawals in the home branch. Eligibility Criteria – Bank of India Current Account Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) Sole Proprietorship/ Partnership Private Limited Company/Public Limited Company Trust/Club/Society/Association Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Foreign National Residing in India Foreign Institutional Investor (FII) Documents Required Individuals Proof of the company that you’re working in. Identity Proof: Aadhar Card, PAN Card, Driving License, Voter Identity Card, etc. Address Proof: Valid Passport, Utility bill, Aadhar Card, Property tax bill, etc. Seal of the company. Two passport size colour photographs Non-Individuals Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) Declaration from the Karta. Proof of Identification/Address Proof of Karta. Prescribed Joint Hindu Family letter signed by all the adult co-parceners. The identity of adult co-parceners. Sole Proprietorship Firm Identity Proof (PAN Card, Aadhar Card, etc.) of the proprietor. Address Proof (Valid Passport, Utility bill, Property tax bill, etc.) of the proprietor. Registration Certificate issued by the Registrar of LLP (in the case of a registered concern). Certificate/ licence issued by the Municipal authorities under the Shop & Establishment Act. Sales and income tax returns in the name of the sole proprietor. CST/ VAT certificate Certificate/ registration document issued by the Sales Tax/ Service Tax/ Professional Tax authorities. Partnership Firms Registration certificate Partnership deed Beneficial owners list holding more than 15% in the firm. Address Proof & ID Proof Power of Attorney (POA) Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) Power of Attorney (POA) Registration Certificate issued by Registrar of LLP. Identity Proof of POA holders: PAN Card of the entity. Address Proof: Aadhar Card of the sole proprietor/ entity, Valid Passport, etc. Two passport size colour photographs. LLP agreement. Designated partners updated list. Private/Public Limited Company Beneficial owners list holding 25% share or capital. Address Proof & ID Proof Memorandum & Articles of Association Power of Attorney (POA) Certificate of incorporation Trust, Society, Unincorporated Association & Club Certificate of registration Power of Attorney (POA) Trust Deed Address Proof & ID Proof (trustees, executors, administrators, etc.) Beneficial owners list Once all the certificates mentioned above are self-attested and valid, you may open the current account in Bank of India. Bank of India Current Account Products Entrepreneurs can select the product from the below list that suits their business requirements. The following are the some of the Bank of India current accounts. Normal Current Account Silver Current Account Gold Current Account Gold Plus Current Account Diamond Current Account Diamond Plus Current Account Platinum Current Account Platinum Plus Current Account Star Benefit CD Plus Account BOI Super Current Plus Account Current Deposit Plus Account Normal Current Account Free payments and collections RTGS and NEFT transactions (via Net Banking/ Mobile banking). A number of cheque leaves – up to 50 cheque leaves free per quarter. Fund Transfer – Free fund transfer within the bank Collection of Cheques and payments – Bank of India locations all over the country Ancillary Services – Free utility bills payment facility through E-pay and also free statements of Account can be obtained. In addition, it has a facility with online Income Tax return filing. Bank Of India Current Account Average Quarterly Balance (AQB) to be Maintained       Cash Withdrawal   Non – Maintenance of Average Quarterly Balance Metro Branches Urban/Semi-Urban Branches Rural Branches Metro Branches Urban/Semi-Urban Branches Rural Branches Normal Current Account   Rs. 5000/- Rs. 2500/- Rs. 1000/- •        Unlimited in base branch •        up to Rs 50,000/- per day at other than Base branch Rs. 600/- per quarter  Rs. 500/- per quarter Rs. 350/- per quarter Silver Current Account Free payments and collections RTGS and NEFT transactions (via Net Banking/ Mobile banking). Demand Draft/Pay Order – 3 DD/ PO free up to Rs.5.00 lakhs per instrument Fund Transfer – Free fund transfer within the bank A number of cheque leaves – up to 25 cheque leaves free per quarter. Ancillary Services – Free utility bills payment facility through E-pay and also free statements of Account can be obtained. In addition, it has a facility with online Income Tax return

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