Section 28 – THE INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872

[Every agreement,—
(a) by which any party thereto is restricted absolutely from enforcing his rights under or in
respect of any contract, by the usual legal proceedings in the ordinary tribunals, or which limits the
time within which he may thus enforce his rights; or
(b) which extinguishes the rights of any party thereto, or discharges any party thereto, from any
liability, under or in respect of any contract on the expiry of a specified period so as to restrict any
party from enforcing his rights,
is void to the extent.]
Exception 1.—Saving of contract to refer to arbitration dispute that may arise.—This section
shall not render illegal a contract, by which two or more persons agree that any dispute which may arise
between them in respect of any subject or class of subjects shall be referred to arbitration, and that only
the amount awarded in such arbitration shall be recoverable in respect of the dispute so referred.
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Exception 2.—Saving of contract to refer questions that have already arisen.—Nor shall this
section render illegal any contract in writing, by which two or more persons agree to refer to arbitration
any question between them which has already arisen, or affect any provision of any law in force for the
time being as to references to arbitration

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[Exception 3.—Saving of a guarantee agreement of a bank or a financial institution.—This
section shall not render illegal a contract in writing by which any bank or financial institution stipulate a
term in a guarantee or any agreement making a provision for guarantee for extinguishment of the rights or
discharge of any party thereto from any liability under or in respect of such guarantee or agreement on the
expiry of a specified period which is not less than one year from the date of occurring or non-occurring of
a specified event for extinguishment or discharge of such party from the said liability.
Explanation.—(i) In Exception 3, the expression “bank” means—
(a) a “banking company” as defined in clause (c) of section 5 of the Banking Regulation
Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);
(b) “a corresponding new bank” as defined in clause (da) of section 5 of the Banking Regulation
Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);
(c) “State Bank of India” constituted under section 3 of the State Bank of India Act, 1955
(23 of 1955);
(d) “a subsidiary bank” as defined in clause (k) of section 2 of the State Bank of India (Subsidiary
Banks) Act, 1959 (38 of 1959);
(e) “a Regional Rural Bank” established under section 3 of the Regional Rural Banks
Act, 1976 (21 of 1976);
(f) “a Co-operative Bank” as defined in clause (cci) of section 5 of the Banking Regulation
Act, 1949 (10 of 1949);
(g) “a multi-State co-operative bank” as defined in clause (cciiia) of section 5 of the Banking
Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949); and
(ii) In Exception 3, the expression “a financial institution” means any public financial institution
within the meaning of section 4A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956).]
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